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How Long Was Noah on the Ark With Family

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Biblical figure, revered in the Abrahamic religions

Noah
NoahsSacrifice.JPG

Noah's Sacrifice by Daniel Maclise
Venerated in Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Mandaeism
Druze faith[1] [two]
Baháʼí Faith

Noah [a] ()[3] features every bit the tenth and final of the pre-Inundation patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Genesis, chapters 5–9), the Quran and Baha'i writings. Noah is referenced in various other books of the Bible, including the New Testament, and in associated deuterocanonical books.

The Genesis overflowing narrative is amongst the best-known stories of the Bible. In this account, Noah labored faithfully to build the Ark at God'southward command, ultimately saving non only his ain family, only flesh itself and all land animals, from extinction during the Flood. Later, God made a covenant with Noah and promised never again to destroy all the Earth'due south creatures with a alluvion. Noah is besides portrayed every bit a "tiller of the soil" and as a drinker of wine.

Biblical narrative [edit]

12th-century Venetian mosaic depiction of Noah sending the dove

The tenth and terminal of the pre-Inundation (stick-in-the-mud) Patriarchs, son to Lamech and an unnamed mother,[4] Noah is 500 years one-time earlier his sons Shem, Ham and Japheth are born.[5]

Genesis flood narrative [edit]

The Genesis inundation narrative is encompassed inside chapters 6–ix in the Book of Genesis, in the Bible.[six] The narrative indicates that God intended to return the Earth to its pre-Creation state of watery chaos by flooding the World because of humanity's misdeeds and then remake information technology using the microcosm of Noah'southward ark. Thus, the flood was no ordinary overflow just a reversal of Cosmos.[7] The narrative discusses the evil of mankind that moved God to destroy the world past the style of the alluvion, the preparation of the ark for certain animals, Noah, and his family, and God'due south guarantee (the Noahic Covenant) for the continued existence of life under the promise that he would never send another inundation.[8]

After the flood [edit]

After the flood, Noah offered burnt offerings to God. God accepted the sacrifice, and fabricated a covenant with Noah, and through him with all mankind, that He would not waste the earth or destroy man by another deluge.[5]

"And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Exist fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth".[nine] As a pledge of this gracious covenant with man and beast the rainbow was prepare in the clouds (ib. viii. xv-22, ix. 8-17). Ii injunctions were laid upon Noah: While the eating of fauna nutrient was permitted, abstinence from blood was strictly enjoined; and the shedding of the blood of man by man was fabricated a law-breaking punishable past expiry at the hands of man (ib. ix. 3-6).[10]

Noah died 350 years after the inundation, at the age of 950,[5] the terminal of the extremely long-lived Antediluvian patriarchs. The maximum human lifespan, as depicted by the Bible, gradually diminishes thereafter, from almost ane,000 years to the 120 years of Moses.[xi]

Noah'south drunkenness [edit]

Noah'southward drunkenness, Ham mocks Noah, Noah is covered, Canaan is cursed. Egerton Genesis.

Later the flood, the Bible says that Noah became a farmer and he planted a vineyard. He drank wine made from this vineyard, and got drunk; and lay "uncovered" within his tent. Noah's son Ham, the male parent of Canaan, saw his father naked and told his brothers, which led to Ham'due south son Canaan being cursed by Noah.[10]

As early on every bit the Classical era, commentators on Genesis 9:20–21[12] take excused Noah'southward excessive drinking because he was considered to exist the first vino drinker; the outset person to discover the effects of vino.[13] John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, and a Church Begetter, wrote in the fourth century that Noah's behavior is defensible: as the start human being to taste vino, he would not know its effects: "Through ignorance and inexperience of the proper corporeality to drink, fell into a drunken shock".[fourteen] Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, also excused Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: (1) to drink vino in backlog, a peculiar sin to the barbarous evil man or (2) to partake of wine as the wise human being, Noah being the latter.[15] In Jewish tradition and rabbinic literature on Noah, rabbis blame Satan for the intoxicating properties of the wine.[16] [10]

In the context of Noah'south drunkenness,[17] relates two facts: (1) Noah became drunken and "he was uncovered within his tent", and (2) Ham "saw the nakedness of his begetter, and told his two brethren without".[18] [19]

Considering of its brevity and textual inconsistencies, information technology has been suggested that this narrative is a "splinter from a more substantial tale".[20] [21] A fuller account would explain what exactly Ham had done to his begetter, or why Noah directed a curse at Canaan for Ham's criminality, or how Noah came to know what occurred. In the field of psychological biblical criticism, J. H. Ellens and W. K. Rollins have analysed the unconventional beliefs that occurs between Noah and Ham as revolving around sexuality and the exposure of genitalia as compared with other Hebrew Bible texts, such as Habakkuk two:15[22] and Lamentations 4:21.[23] [xviii]

Other commentaries mention that "uncovering someone'due south nakedness" could mean having sexual intercourse with that person or that person's spouse, every bit quoted in Leviticus 18:7-8[24] and 20.[25] From this interpretation, information technology can exist deduced that Ham was guilty of engaging in incest and raping Noah[26] or his own mother. The latter interpretation would brand clear why Canaan, as the production of this illicit matrimony, was cursed past Noah.[xix] Alternatively, Canaan could be the perpetrator himself as the Bible describes the illicit deed being committed past Noah's "youngest son", with Ham existence consistently described as the heart son in other verses.[27]

Table of nations [edit]

The dispersion of the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth (map from the 1854 Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography)

Genesis 10[28] sets forth the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, from whom the nations branched out over the World after the overflowing. Among Japheth's descendants were the maritime nations. (10:two–v) Ham's son Cush had a son named Nimrod, who became the first man of might on globe, a mighty hunter, king in Babylon and the land of Shinar. (10:6–ten) From there Ashur went and built Nineveh. (10:eleven–12) Canaan'southward descendants – Sidon, Heth, the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites – spread out from Sidon as far as Gerar, well-nigh Gaza, and as far as Sodom and Gomorrah. (10:15–19) Among Shem's descendants was Eber. (10:21)

These genealogies differ structurally from those set out in Genesis five and eleven. Information technology has a segmented or treelike structure, going from ane father to many offspring. It is strange that the table, which assumes that the population is distributed about the Globe, precedes the account of the Tower of Babel, which says that all the population is in one identify before it is dispersed.[29]

Family tree [edit]

Adam Eve
Cain Abel Seth
Enoch Enos
Irad Kenan
Mehujael Mahalalel
Methushael Jared
Adah Lamech Zillah Enoch
Jabal Jubal Tubal-Cain Naamah Methuselah
Lamech
Noah
Shem Ham Japheth

Narrative assay [edit]

Co-ordinate to the documentary hypothesis, the first v books of the Bible (Pentateuch/Torah), including Genesis, were collated during the 5th century BC from four main sources, which themselves date from no earlier than the 10th century BC. 2 of these, the Jahwist, equanimous in the tenth century BC, and the Priestly source, from the late 7th century BC, make up the chapters of Genesis which concern Noah. The attempt past the 5th-century editor to accommodate two contained and sometimes conflicting sources accounts for the confusion over such matters as how many of each creature Noah took, and how long the flood lasted.[30] [31]

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible notes that this story echoes parts of the Garden of Eden story: Noah is the first vintner, while Adam is the first farmer; both have problems with their produce; both stories involve nakedness; and both involve a division between brothers leading to a expletive. However, after the flood, the stories differ. Noah plants the vineyard and utters the curse, non God, so "God is less involved".[32]

Other accounts [edit]

In addition to the principal story in Genesis, the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Attestation) also refers to Noah in the First Book of Chronicles, Isaiah and Ezekiel. References in the deuterocanonical books include the books of Tobit, Wisdom, Sirach, two Esdras and 4 Maccabees. New Testament references include the gospels of Matthew and Luke, and some of the epistles (Epistle to the Hebrews, 1 Peter and two Peter).

Noah became the subject field of much elaboration in the literature of later Abrahamic religions, including Islam (Surahs 71, 7, 11, 54, and 21 of the Quran) and Baháʼí faith (Kitáb-i-Íqán and Gems of Divine Mysteries).[33] [34]

Pseudepigrapha [edit]

The Volume of Jubilees refers to Noah and says that he was taught the arts of healing past an angel so that his children could overcome "the offspring of the Watchers".[35]

In ten:1–3 of the Book of Enoch (which is part of the Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon) and approved for Beta Israel, Uriel was dispatched past "the About High" to inform Noah of the approaching "deluge".[36]

Dead Sea scrolls [edit]

There are twenty or and then fragments of the Expressionless Body of water scrolls that appear to refer to Noah.[37] Lawrence Schiffman writes, "Amongst the Dead Ocean Scrolls at least three different versions of this legend are preserved."[38] In particular, "The Genesis Apocryphon devotes considerable space to Noah." All the same, "The material seems to have little in common with Genesis 5 which reports the nativity of Noah." Also, Noah'southward father is reported every bit worrying that his son was really fathered past 1 of the Watchers.[39]

Comparative mythology [edit]

Indian and Greek flood-myths also be, although in that location is picayune evidence that they were derived from the Mesopotamian flood-myth that underlies the biblical account.[40]

Mesopotamian [edit]

The Noah story of the Pentateuch is almost identical to a inundation story contained in the Mesopotamian Ballsy of Gilgamesh, equanimous c. 1800 BCE. In the Gilgamesh version, the Mesopotamian gods make up one's mind to transport a great flood to destroy mankind. Various correlations between the stories of Noah and Gilgamesh (the flood, the structure of the ark, the conservancy of animals, and the release of birds following the flood) have led to this story being seen as the inspiration for the story of Noah. The few variations include the number of days of the deluge, the lodge of the birds, and the name of the mountain on which the ark rests. The flood story in Genesis 6–8 matches the Gilgamesh inundation myth so closely that "few doubt that [it] derives from a Mesopotamian account."[41] What is particularly noticeable is the manner the Genesis inundation story follows the Gilgamesh overflowing tale "bespeak by point and in the same society", even when the story permits other alternatives.[42]

The earliest written flood myth is found in the Mesopotamian Epic of Atrahasis and Epic of Gilgamesh texts. The Encyclopædia Britannica says "These mythologies are the source of such features of the biblical Flood story as the building and provisioning of the ark, its flotation, and the subsidence of the waters, likewise as the part played by the human protagonist."[43] The Encyclopedia Judaica adds that at that place is a potent suggestion that "an intermediate amanuensis was active. The people most likely to take fulfilled this role are the Hurrians, whose territory included the city of Harran, where the Patriarch Abraham had his roots. The Hurrians inherited the Flood story from Babylonia".[44] The encyclopedia mentions some other similarity between the stories: Noah is the tenth patriarch and Berossus notes that "the hero of the great alluvion was Babylonia's tenth antediluvian king." All the same, at that place is a discrepancy in the ages of the heroes. For the Mesopotamian antecedents, "the reigns of the antediluvian kings range from 18,600 to virtually 65,000 years." In the Bible, the lifespans "fall far short of the briefest reign mentioned in the related Mesopotamian texts." Also, the name of the hero differs betwixt the traditions: "The earliest Mesopotamian flood account, written in the Sumerian language, calls the deluge hero Ziusudra."[44]

However, Yi Samuel Chen writes that the oldest versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh never mentioned the overflowing, simply mentioning that he went to talk to Utnapishtim to observe the hush-hush of immortality. Starting with the Quondam Babylonian Period, there were attempts to syncretize Utnapishtim with Ziusudra, even though they were previously seen as dissimilar figures. Gilgamesh meeting the overflowing hero was start alluded to in the Old Babylonian Period in "The Decease of Bilgamesh" and eventually was imported and standardized in the Epic of Gilgamesh probably in the Middle Babylonian Menstruation.[45]

Gilgamesh'south historical reign is believed to take been approximately 2700 BC,[46] shortly earlier the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical beingness of Gilgamesh.[47]

The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early on every bit the 3rd dynasty of Ur (2100–2000 BC).[48] Ane of these poems mentions Gilgamesh's journey to meet the overflowing hero, as well as a brusk version of the flood story, although Chen writes that his was included in texts written during the Old Babylonian Period.[45] [49] The earliest Akkadian versions of the unified epic are dated to ca. 2000–1500 BC.[50] Due to the bitty nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although 1 fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh'due south journey to come across Utnapishtim. The "standard" Akkadian version included a long version of the flood story and was edited past Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 and m BC.[51]

Yi Samuel Chen analyzes various texts from the Early on Dynastic III Period through to the Old Babylonian Menstruum, and argues that the flood narrative was merely added in texts written during the One-time Babylonian Period. When it comes to the Sumerian King List, observations by experts have always indicated that the portion of the Sumerian Rex List talking about before the flood is stylistically unlike from the Rex List Proper. Substantially Quondam Babylonian copies tend to represent a tradition of before the alluvion apart from the actual King List, whereas the Ur Iii copy of the King Listing and the duplicate from the Brockmon collection indicate that the King List Proper once existed independent of mention to the flood and the tradition of before the flood. Essentially, Chen gives evidence to prove that the section of before the flood and references to the alluvion in the Sumerian King List were all later additions added in during the One-time Babylonian Period, equally the Sumerian Rex List went through updates and edits. The Overflowing every bit a watershed in early History of the earth was probably a new historiographical concept emerging in the Mesopotamian literary traditions during the One-time Babylonian Menstruation, as evident past the fact that the inundation motif didn't evidence up in the Ur Iii re-create and that earliest chronographical sources related to the flood show up in the Sometime Babylonian Catamenia. Chen concludes that the name of Ziusudra as a overflowing hero and the idea of the flood hinted by that name in the Quondam Babylonian Version of "Instructions of Shuruppak" are only developments during that Old Babylonian Menses, when besides the didactic text was updated with information from the burgeoning Antediluvian Tradition[45]

Ancient Greek [edit]

Noah has oft been compared to Deucalion, the son of Prometheus and Pronoia in Greek mythology. Similar Noah, Deucalion is warned of the flood (by Zeus and Poseidon); he builds an ark and staffs it with creatures – and when he completes his voyage, gives thanks and takes communication from the gods on how to repopulate the Earth. Deucalion besides sends a pigeon to observe out about the situation of the world and the bird returns with an olive branch.[52] [53] Deucalion, in some versions of the myth, as well becomes the inventor of wine, like Noah.[54] Philo[55] and Justin equate Deucalion with Noah, and Josephus used the story of Deucalion as testify that the flood actually occurred and that, therefore, Noah existed.[56] [57]

The motif of a weather deity who headed the pantheon causing the bang-up overflowing then the trickster who created men from clay saving man is likewise present in Sumerian Mythology, every bit Enlil, instead of Zeus, causes the flood, and Enki, rather than Prometheus, saves man. Stephanie Due west has written that this is perhaps due to the Greeks Borrowing stories from the Virtually East.[58]

Religious views [edit]

Baháʼí Organized religion [edit]

The Baháʼí Religion regards the Ark and the Flood every bit symbolic.[59] In Baháʼí belief, but Noah's followers were spiritually live, preserved in the ark of his teachings, equally others were spiritually dead.[threescore] [61] The Baháʼí scripture Kitáb-i-Íqán endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, too his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years earlier the alluvion.[62]

Christianity [edit]

An early on Christian delineation showing Noah giving the gesture of orant equally the pigeon returns

ii Peter 2:5 refers to Noah equally a "preacher of righteousness". In the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, Jesus compares Noah's overflowing with the coming Mean solar day of Judgement: "Merely every bit it was in the days of Noah, so also information technology will be in the days of the coming of the Son of Man. For in the days before the overflowing, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in spousal relationship, upward to the day Noah entered the ark; and they knew nothing about what would happen until the flood came and took them all away. That is how it will be at the coming of the Son of Human being."[63] [64]

The Kickoff Epistle of Peter compares the ability of baptism with the Ark saving those who were in it. In afterwards Christian idea, the Ark came to be compared to the Church building: salvation was to exist found only within Christ and his Lordship, as in Noah's time information technology had been institute just within the Ark. St Augustine of Hippo (354–430), demonstrated in The City of God that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the man torso, which corresponds to the body of Christ; the equation of Ark and Church is notwithstanding found in the Anglican rite of baptism, which asks God, "who of thy great mercy didst salve Noah," to receive into the Church the infant well-nigh to be baptised.[65]

In medieval Christianity, Noah's three sons were generally considered as the founders of the populations of the three known continents, Japheth/Europe, Shem/Asia, and Ham/Africa, although a rarer variation held that they represented the three classes of medieval order – the priests (Shem), the warriors (Japheth), and the peasants (Ham). In medieval Christian thought, Ham was considered to be the ancestor of the people of black Africa. So, in racialist arguments, the curse of Ham became a justification for the slavery of the black races.[66]

Isaac Newton, in his religious works on the evolution of religion, wrote well-nigh Noah and his offspring. In Newton's view, while Noah was a monotheist, the gods of heathen artifact are identified with Noah and his descendants.[67]

Druze faith [edit]

The Druze regard Noah as the 2nd spokesman (natiq) after Adam, who helped transmit the foundational teachings of monotheism (tawhid) intended for the larger audience.[68] He is considered an important prophet of God among Druze, being among the 7 prophets who appeared in different periods of history.[1] [2]

Gnosticism [edit]

An of import Gnostic text, the Apocryphon of John, reports that the principal archon caused the flood because he desired to destroy the globe he had fabricated, just the First Thought informed Noah of the chief archon'southward plans, and Noah informed the remainder of humanity. Unlike the account of Genesis, non only are Noah'southward family saved, but many others also heed Noah's call. At that place is no ark in this business relationship. According to Elaine Pagels, "Rather, they hid in a particular place, not only Noah, but besides many other people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud."[69]

In Mandaeism, Noah (Classical Mandaic: ࡍࡅ) is mentioned in Volume eighteen of the Correct Ginza. In the text, Noah'south wife is named as Nuraita (Classical Mandaic: ࡍࡅࡓࡀࡉࡕࡀ), while his son is named as Shum (i.east., Shem; Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡅࡌ).[seventy] [71]

Islam [edit]

Noah is a highly important figure in Islam and he is seen as i of the most significant of all prophets. The Quran contains 43 references to Noah, or Nuḥ, in 28 capacity, and the lxx-first chapter, Sūrah Nūḥ (Arabic: سورة نوح), is named subsequently him. His life is also spoken of in the commentaries and in Islamic legends.

Noah'south narratives largely cover his preaching as well the story of the Drench. Noah's narrative sets the image for many of the subsequent prophetic stories, which begin with the prophet warning his people and and then the customs rejecting the bulletin and facing a punishment.

Noah has several titles in Islam, based primarily on praise for him in the Quran, including "True Messenger of God" (XXVI: 107) and "Grateful Servant of God" (XVII: three).[44] [72]

The Quran focuses on several instances from Noah's life more than others, and 1 of the virtually meaning events is the Flood. God makes a covenant with Noah just as he did with Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad afterward on (33:7). Noah is later reviled by his people and reproached by them for being a mere human messenger and not an affections (ten:72–74). Moreover, the people mock Noah's words and telephone call him a liar (7:62), and they fifty-fifty suggest that Noah is possessed by a devil when the prophet ceases to preach (54:nine).[73] Simply the lowest in the community join Noah in believing in God's message (11:29), and Noah'southward narrative further describes him preaching both in private and public. The Quran narrates that Noah received a revelation to build an Ark, afterwards his people refused to believe in his message and hear the alert. The narrative goes on to depict that waters poured along from the Heavens, destroying all the sinners. Even ane of his sons disbelieved him, stayed behind, and was drowned. Subsequently the Flood concluded, the Ark rested atop Mountain Judi (Quran 11:44).

Noah's ark and the deluge from Zubdat-al Tawarikh

Besides, Islamic beliefs deny the idea of Noah being the first person to drink wine and experience the aftereffects of doing then.[44] [72]

Quran 29:fourteen states that Noah had been living amidst the people who he was sent to for 950 years when the flood started.

And, indeed, [in times long past] Nosotros sent along Noah unto his people, and he dwelt among them a thousand years bar fifty; and and then the floods overwhelmed them while they were still lost in evildoing.

According to the Ahmadiyya agreement of the Quran, the period described in the Quran is the age of his dispensation, which extended until the fourth dimension of Ibrahim (Abraham, 950 years). The first 50 years were the years of spiritual progress, which were followed by 900 years of spiritual deterioration of the people of Noah.[74]

Judaism [edit]

A Jewish delineation of Noah

The righteousness of Noah is the field of study of much give-and-take amid rabbis.[10] The clarification of Noah equally "righteous in his generation" unsaid to some that his perfection was simply relative: In his generation of wicked people, he could be considered righteous, simply in the generation of a tzadik like Abraham, he would non be considered and then righteous. They point out that Noah did not pray to God on behalf of those about to be destroyed, as Abraham prayed for the wicked of Sodom and Gomorrah. In fact, Noah is never seen to speak; he simply listens to God and acts on his orders. This led some commentators to offering the effigy of Noah as "the righteous human in a fur coat," who ensured his own comfort while ignoring his neighbour.[75] Others, such as the medieval commentator Rashi, held on the contrary that the building of the Ark was stretched over 120 years, deliberately in guild to give sinners fourth dimension to repent. Rashi interprets his father's statement of the naming of Noah (in Hebrew – Noaħ נֹחַ) "This one will comfort the states (in Hebrew– yeNaĦamenu יְנַחֲמֵנו) in our work and in the toil of our hands, which come from the ground that the Lord had cursed",[76] by saying Noah heralded a new era of prosperity, when there was easing (in Hebrew – naħah – נחה) from the curse from the time of Adam when the Earth produced thorns and thistles fifty-fifty where men sowed wheat and that Noah and so introduced the plow.[77]

Co-ordinate to the Jewish Encyclopedia, "The Book of Genesis contains ii accounts of Noah." In the first, Noah is the hero of the flood, and in the second, he is the father of mankind and a husbandman who planted the starting time vineyard. "The disparity of character between these two narratives has acquired some critics to insist that the subject of the latter business relationship was not the same as the subject of the former." Perhaps the original proper noun of the hero of the flood was actually Enoch.[10]

The Encyclopedia Judaica notes that Noah'southward drunkenness is non presented equally reprehensible behavior. Rather, "It is articulate that ... Noah's venture into viticulture provides the setting for the castigation of Israel'south Canaanite neighbors." Information technology was Ham who committed an offense when he viewed his father's nakedness. Yet, "Noah's curse, ... is strangely aimed at Canaan rather than the disrespectful Ham."[44]

Run across likewise [edit]

  • Bergelmir, a jötunn in Norse mythology who survives the worldwide flood in a floating container
  • Manu, the central character in the Hindu flood myth
  • Noah's pudding
  • Noah's wine, a term that refers to an alcoholic beverage.
  • Nu'u, a mythological Hawaiian character who built an ark and escaped a Neat Overflowing.
  • Patriarchal historic period
  • Searches for Noah's Ark, sometimes referred to as arkeology.
  • Seven Laws of Noah
  • Tomb of Noah
  • Cessair, Noah'south girl in the Lebor Gabála Érenn who travels to Republic of ireland with a fleet as instructed by Noah to endeavour to escape the overflowing.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Hebrew: נֹחַ‎‎, Modern: Nōaẖ , Tiberian: Nōaḥ ; Syriac: ܢܘܚ Nukh; Amharic: ኖህ, Noḥ; Standard arabic: نُوح Nūḥ ; Ancient Greek: Νῶε Nôe

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Hitti, Philip K. (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Faith: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. ISBN9781465546623.
  2. ^ a b Dana, Nissim (2008). The Druze in the Heart Due east: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Michigan University press. p. 17. ISBN9781903900369.
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (third ed.). Longman. ISBN9781405881180.
  4. ^ Fullom, S.W. (1855). The History of Woman, and Her Connection with Religion, Culture, & Domestic Manners, from the Primeval Menses. p.10
  5. ^ a b c Bechtel, Florentine. "Noah." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. eleven. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 5 December 2021 Public Domain This commodity incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. ^ Silverman, Jason (2013). Opening Heaven'southward Floodgates: The Genesis Overflowing Narrative, Its Context, and Reception. Gorgias Printing.
  7. ^ Barry L. Bandstra (2008). Reading the Old Testament: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Cengage Learning. p. 61. ISBN978-0-495-39105-0.
  8. ^ Cotter 2003, pp. 49, 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCotter2003 (help)
  9. ^ Genesis ix:one
  10. ^ a b c d eastward "NOAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
  11. ^ Genesis vi:3; Deuteronomy 31:22; 34:37
  12. ^ Genesis 9:20–21
  13. ^ Ellens & Rollins. Psychology and the Bible: From Freud to Kohut, 2004, (ISBN 027598348X, 9780275983482), p.52
  14. ^ Hamilton, 1990, pp. 202–203
  15. ^ Philo, 1971, p. 160
  16. ^ Gen. Rabbah 36:3
  17. ^ Genesis nine:eighteen–27
  18. ^ a b Ellens & Rollins, 2004, p.53
  19. ^ a b John Sietze Bergsma/Scott Walker Hahn. 2005. "Noah'due south Nakedness and the Curse on Canaan". Periodical Biblical Literature 124/i (2005), p. 25-forty.
  20. ^ Speiser, 1964, 62
  21. ^ T. A. Bergren. Biblical Figures Outside the Bible, 2002, (ISBN 1563384116, ISBN 978-1-56338-411-0), p. 136
  22. ^ Habakkuk two:xv
  23. ^ Lamentations 4:21
  24. ^ Leviticus 18:7–8
  25. ^ Leviticus 20:eleven
  26. ^ Levenson, 2004, 26
  27. ^ Kugle 1998, p. 223.
  28. ^ Genesis ten
  29. ^ Bandstra, B. (2008), Reading the Old Attestation: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Cengage Learning, pp. 67–68, ISBN978-0495391050
  30. ^ Collins, John J. (2004). Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN0-8006-2991-4.
  31. ^ Friedman, Richard Elliotty (1989). Who Wrote the Bible? . New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 59. ISBN0-06-063035-3.
  32. ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 318.
  33. ^ "The Kitáb-i-Íqán | Bahá'í Reference Library". www.bahai.org . Retrieved 2022-01-31 .
  34. ^ "Gems of Divine Mysteries | Bahá'í Reference Library". www.bahai.org . Retrieved 2022-01-31 .
  35. ^ Lewis, Jack Pearl, A Report of the Interpretation of Noah and the Alluvion in Jewish and Christian Literature, BRILL, 1968, p. 14.
  36. ^ "Chapter Ten". The Book of Enoch. translated past Robert H. Charles. London: Social club for Promoting Christian Noesis. 1917. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  37. ^ Peters, DM., Noah Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Conversations and Controversies of Antiquity, Society of Biblical Lit, 2008, pp. 15–17.
  38. ^ Schiffman, LH., Encyclopedia of the Dead Body of water Scrolls, Book ii, Granite Hill Publishers, 2000, pp. 613–614.
  39. ^ Lewis, Jack Pearl, A Study of the Interpretation of Noah and the Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature, BRILL, 1968, p. xi. "the offspring of the Watchers"
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  47. ^ Dalley, Stephanie, Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford University Printing (1989), p. xl–41
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  52. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Deucalion.
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  59. ^ From a alphabetic character written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, October 28, 1949: Baháʼí News, No. 228, Feb 1950, p. 4. Republished in Compilation 1983, p. 508
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  62. ^ From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an private laic, November 25, 1950. Published in Compilation 1983, p. 494
  63. ^ Matthew 24:38
  64. ^ Luke 17:26
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 This commodity incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Noah". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Bibliography [edit]

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  • Goldenberg, David M. (2005). "What did Ham exercise to Noah?". In Stemberger, Günter; Perani, Mauro (eds.). The Words of a Wise Human's Mouth are gracious. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN9783110188493.
  • Goldenberg, David Grand. (2003). The Expletive of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton Academy Press. ISBN9780691114651.
  • Goldenberg, David One thousand. (1997). "The Curse of Ham: A Case of Rabbinic Racism?". In Salzman, Jack; Westward, Cornel (eds.). Struggles in the promised country: toward a history of Black-Jewish relations. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780198024927.
  • Goldenberg, David One thousand. (2009). The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton University Press. ISBN9781400828548.
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  • Sarna, Nahum (1981). "The Anticipatory Use of Data equally a Literary Feature of the Genesis Narratives". In Friedman, Richard Elliott (ed.). The Creation of Sacred Literature: Composition and Redaction of the Biblical Text . University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-09637-0.
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External links [edit]

  • "Noah" from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
  • "Nuh"—MuslimWiki

scottwilapplen.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah

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